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<title>Insert (SQL)</title>

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Insert (SQL)

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An <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> INSERT statement adds one or more records to any single <a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a> in a <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_form">Basic form</h2></div>

Insert statements have the following form:

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</style><pre class="pre">INSERT INTO table (column1 [, column2, column3 ... ]) VALUES (value1 [, value2, value3 ... ])</pre>

The number of <a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">columns</a> and values must be the same. If a column is not specified, the default value for the column is used. The values specified (or implied) by the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style>INSERT statement must satisfy all the applicable constraints (such as <a href="Primary_key" title="Primary key">primary keys</a>, <a href="Check_Constraint" class="mw-redirect" title="Check Constraint">CHECK constraints</a>, and <a href="Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">NOT NULL</a> constraints). If a syntax error occurs or if any constraints are violated, the new row is not added to the table and an error returned instead.

Example:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book (name, number) VALUES ('John Doe', '555-1212');

</pre></div>

Shorthand may also be used, taking advantage of the order of the columns when the table was created. It is not required to specify all columns in the table since any other columns will take their default value or remain <a href="Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">null</a>:

<pre class="pre">INSERT INTO table VALUES (value1, [value2, ... ])</pre>

Example for inserting data into 2 columns in the phone_book table and ignoring any other columns which may be after the first 2 in the table.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES ('John Doe', '555-1212');

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advanced_forms">Advanced forms</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multirow_inserts">Multirow inserts</h3></div>

A SQL feature (since <a href="SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a>) is the use of row value constructors to insert multiple rows at a time in a single SQL statement:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO tablename (column-a, [column-b, ...])

VALUES ('value-1a', ['value-1b', ...]),

('value-2a', ['value-2b', ...]),

...

</pre></div>

This feature is supported by <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a>, <a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">SQL Server</a> (since version 10.0 - i.e. 2008), <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> (since version 8.2), <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, <a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a> (since version 3.7.11) and <a href="H2_(DBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 (DBMS)">H2</a>.

Example (assuming that 'name' and 'number' are the only columns in the 'phone_book' table):

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES ('John Doe', '555-1212'), ('Peter Doe', '555-2323');

</pre></div>

which may be seen as a shorthand for the two statements

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES ('John Doe', '555-1212');

INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES ('Peter Doe', '555-2323');

</pre></div>

Note that the two separate statements may have different semantics (especially with respect to statement <a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">triggers</a>) and may not provide the same performance as a single multi-row insert.

To insert multiple rows in MS SQL you can use such a construction:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tsql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book

SELECT 'John Doe', '555-1212'

UNION ALL

SELECT 'Peter Doe', '555-2323';

</pre></div>

Note that this is not a valid SQL statement according to the SQL standard (<a href="SQL%3A2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a>) due to the incomplete subselect clause.

To do the same in Oracle use the <a href="DUAL_table" title="DUAL table">DUAL table</a>, which always consists of a single row only:

UNION ALL

</pre></div>

A standard-conforming implementation of this logic shows the following example, or as shown above:

SELECT 'John Doe', '555-1212' FROM LATERAL ( VALUES (1) ) AS t(c)

UNION ALL

SELECT 'Peter Doe','555-2323' FROM LATERAL ( VALUES (1) ) AS t(c)

</pre></div>

Oracle PL/SQL supports the INSERT ALL statement, where multiple insert statements are terminated by a SELECT:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT ALL

INTO phone_book VALUES ('John Doe', '555-1212')

INTO phone_book VALUES ('Peter Doe', '555-2323')

SELECT * FROM DUAL;

</pre></div>

In <a href="Firebird_(database_server)" title="Firebird (database server)">Firebird</a> inserting multiple rows can be achieved like this:

UNION ALL

SELECT 'Peter Doe', '555-2323' FROM RDB$DATABASE;

</pre></div>

Firebird, however, restricts the number of rows than can be inserted in this way, since there is a limit to the number of contexts that can be used in a single query.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copying_rows_from_other_tables">Copying rows from other tables</h3></div>

An INSERT statement can also be used to retrieve data from other tables, modify it if necessary and insert it directly into the table. All this is done in a single SQL statement that does not involve any intermediary processing in the client application. A subselect is used instead of the VALUES clause. The subselect can contain joins, function calls, and it can even query the same table into which the data is inserted. Logically, the select is evaluated before the actual insert operation is started. An example is given below.

SELECT *

FROM phone_book

WHERE name IN ('John Doe', 'Peter Doe')

</pre></div>

A variation is needed when some of the data from the source table is being inserted into the new table, but not the whole record. (Or when the tables' <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">schemas</a> are not the same.)

SELECT name, number

FROM phone_book

</pre></div>

The SELECT statement produces a (temporary) table, and the schema of that temporary table must match with the schema of the table where the data is inserted into.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Default_Values">Default Values</h2></div>

It is possible to insert a new row without specifying any data, using default values for all columns.

However, some databases reject the statement if no data is given, such as Microsoft SQL Server, and in this case the DEFAULT keyword can be used.

VALUES ( DEFAULT )

</pre></div>

Sometimes databases also support alternative syntax for this; for example, MySQL allows omitting the DEFAULT keyword, and T-SQL can use DEFAULT VALUES instead of VALUES(DEFAULT).

The DEFAULT keyword can also be used in normal insertion to explicitly fill a column using that column's default value:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES ( DEFAULT, '555-1212' )

</pre></div>

What happens when a column does not specify a default value is database dependent.

For example, MySQL and SQLite will fill in with a blank value (except when in strict mode), while many other databases will reject the statement.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retrieving_the_key">Retrieving the key</h2></div>

Database designers that use a <a href="Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">surrogate key</a> as the primary key for every table will run into the occasional scenario where they need to automatically retrieve the database-generated primary key from an SQL INSERT statement for use in other SQL statements. Most systems do not allow SQL INSERT statements to return row data. Therefore, it becomes necessary to implement a workaround in such scenarios. Common implementations include:

<ul><li>Using a database-specific <a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedure</a> that generates the surrogate key, performs the INSERT operation, and finally returns the generated key. For example, in Microsoft SQL Server, the key is retrieved via the SCOPE_IDENTITY() special function, while in SQLite the function is named last_insert_rowid().</li>

<li>Using a database-specific <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT</a> statement on a temporary table containing last inserted row(s). Db2 implements this feature in the following way:

<dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>SELECT *

FROM NEW TABLE (

INSERT INTO phone_book

VALUES ( 'Peter Doe','555-2323' )

) AS t

</pre></div></dd></dl>

<ul><li>Db2 for <a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a> implements this feature in the following way.

<dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>SELECT EMPNO, HIRETYPE, HIREDATE

FROM FINAL TABLE (

INSERT INTO EMPSAMP (NAME, SALARY, DEPTNO, LEVEL)

VALUES('Mary Smith', 35000.00, 11, 'Associate')

);

</pre></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li>

<li>Using a <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT</a> statement after the INSERT statement with a database-specific function that returns the generated primary key for the most recently inserted row. For example, LAST_INSERT_ID() for <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>.</li>

<li>Using a unique combination of elements from the original SQL INSERT in a subsequent SELECT statement.</li>

<li>Using a <a href="GUID" class="mw-redirect" title="GUID">GUID</a> in the SQL INSERT statement and retrieving it in a SELECT statement.</li>

<li>Using the OUTPUT clause in the SQL INSERT statement for MS-SQL Server 2005 and MS-SQL Server 2008.</li>

<li>Using an INSERT statement with RETURNING clause for <a href="Oracle_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle database">Oracle</a>.

<dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-postgres mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES ( 'Peter Doe','555-2323' )

RETURNING phone_book_id INTO v_pb_id

</pre></div></dd></dl></li>

<li>Using an INSERT statement with RETURNING clause for <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> (since 8.2). The returned list is identical to the result of a INSERT.

<ul><li><a href="Firebird_(database_server)" title="Firebird (database server)">Firebird</a> has the same syntax in Data Modification Language statements (DSQL); the statement may add at most one row.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In stored procedures, triggers and execution blocks (PSQL) the aforementioned Oracle syntax is used.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

RETURNING phone_book_id

</pre></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li>

<li>Using the IDENTITY() function in <a href="H2_(DBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 (DBMS)">H2</a> returns the last identity inserted.

<dl><dd><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>SELECT IDENTITY();

</pre></div></dd></dl></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triggers">Triggers</h2></div>

If <a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">triggers</a> are defined on the table on which the INSERT statement operates, those triggers are evaluated in the context of the operation. BEFORE INSERT triggers allow the modification of the values that shall be inserted into the table. AFTER INSERT triggers cannot modify the data anymore, but can be used to initiate actions on other tables, for example, to implement auditing mechanism.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100916052854/http://psoug.org/snippet/Oracle-PL-SQL-INSERT-ALL_589.htm">"Oracle PL/SQL: INSERT ALL"</a>. psoug.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psoug.org/snippet/Oracle-PL-SQL-INSERT-ALL_589.htm">the original</a> on 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2010-09-02.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firebirdsql.org/file/documentation/reference_manuals/reference_material/html/langrefupd25-insert.html#langrefupd25-insert-returning">"Firebird 2.5 Language Reference Update"</a>. Retrieved 2011-10-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firebirdsql.su/doku.php?id=returning">"Firebird SQL Language Dictionary"</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915172636/http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e10592/statements_9014.htm">Oracle SQL INSERT statement (Oracle Database SQL Language Reference, 11g Release 2 (11.2) on oracle.com)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/query/snytax/append-query.html">Microsoft Access Append Query Examples and SQL INSERT Query Syntax</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/insert.html">MySQL INSERT statement (MySQL 5.5 Reference Manual)</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="SQL70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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<li><a href="Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></li>

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<li><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Framework</li>

<li>Foundation</li>

<li><a href="SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">Persistent Stored Modules</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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